With rates of relapse following substance abuse treatment estimated at over 60%, substance use disorders are often described as “chronic relapsing conditions”. The most commonly available treatments in many developed countries are 12-step or mutual support groups. Participation in 12-step programs is associated with greater abstinence; however, these approaches may not be clinically indicated for individuals adverse to the disease model of addiction or whose spiritual beliefs and/or lifestyle are in conflict with the 12-step philosophy. (Authors)